Futurology of the Evolution of the Concept of Minority in International Law Literature

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 PhD in International Law, Islamic Azad University, Qom Branch, Iran

2 Corresponding Author, Assistant Professor of Islamic Azad University, Qom, Iran ma.kafaeifar@gmail.com

Abstract

Purpose: The "minority" has evolved in form and content since it was first introduced in the Treaty of Augsburg in 1555. After the "religious minority", the "ethnic minority" entered international law with the Vienna Document of 1815, the "linguistic minority" with the decision of the Permanent Court of 1935 and with the ratification of Article 27 of the 1966 Covenant and the "national minority" with the 1992 Declaration. The minority has evolved conceptually and formally, especially the condition of citizenship.The purpose of this paper is to study the future evolution of the concept of minority in international law.
Method: By accepting the principles of descriptive and analytical methods, the research uses the interrogative strategy and the method of "extension of the present to the future", which is one of the methods of futures studies.
Findings: Relying on the theory of multiculturalism, the possible futures of minority evolution are to reduce the role of the four traditional elements of religion, ethnicity, language, and national origin in identifying minorities and to increase the role of "distinction in habits, beliefs, and behaviors."
Conclusion: The study of the Propellants shows that in the "probable future", there is activism in Western countries for the entry of new groups such as misguided sects and homosexuals into the legal circle of minorities. To prevent this process contrary to "public order", the legal cooperation of the member states of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation, especially in the "Human Rights Committee" and the "Forum on Minority Issues" is necessary.

Keywords

References

References
1.Akayesu Case, (1998), Prosecutor V. Akayesu Jean-Paul, ICTR, Judgment of 2 September 1998.
2.Anonymous (2005). Methods of technology foresight. Tomorrow Development Foundation. Tehran: Golban Publishing.(In Persian)
3.Ardabili, Mohammad Ali (2008). International Criminal Law. Tehran: Mizan.(In Persian)
4.Azizi, Sattar. (2015). Protection of minorities in international law. Tehran: Shahr-e-Danesh Publishing.(In Persian)
5.Bruke, Terry,(2004), Long Term Housing Futures for Australia, Australian Housing and Urban Research Institute.
6.Capotorti F, (1985), Study on the Right of  Person Belonging to Ethnic, Religious and linguistic Minorities, New York, Deep Publication.
7.Castellino J ,(2016), Globl Minority Rights. Farnham: Ashgate publishing, 656 P.
8.CCPR General Comment No.23, (1994), Rights of Minorities, Article 27.
9.E/CN.4/1987/WG.5/WP.1.1987. Commission on Human Rights, Available from: https://undocs.org/pdf? symbol=en/E/CN.4/1987/WG.5/WP.1 [accessed 13 June 2018].
10.  E/CN.4/Sub.2/AC.5/2005/2, (2005), Commentary of the Working Group on Minorities,  Available from:https://undocs.org/en/E /CN.4/Sub.2/AC.5/2005/2.[accessed7June 2018].
11.  Fahey, Lain ,(1998), Learning From the Future, Palgrave, maemillan.
12.  Giddens, Anthony. (2008). Sociology. Manouchehr Saburi ‌ Kashani. Tehran: Ney.(In Persian)
13.  Habibnejad, Seyed Ahmad, (2016), Cultural rights of ethnic minorities in Iran and international human rights instruments. Tehran: Majd.(In Persian)
14.  Hough G, (2019), The Peace of Augsburg and the Meckhart Confession. Routledge.      
15.  Huntington, Samuel. (1996). "Political conflicts after the Cold War. "Mojtaba Amiri." Journal of Political and Economic Information. 109 and 110: 35-26.(In Persian)
16.  Johnson, p (2013), Homosexuality and the European court of human righits , Talor&Francis Group
17.  Juanmardi, Morteza (2005). "Genocide: The Structure of the Elements of Crime." Journal of the Faculty of Law, University of Tehran. 68: 48-1.(In Persian)
18.  Karimi Melleh, Ali. (2007). "Multiculturalism and its different approaches". Journal of Political Science. Volume 2. 8: 248-211.(In Persian)
19.  Khobroye pak, Mohammad Reza. (2001), Minorities. Tehran: Shirazeh.(In Persian)
20.  Krasner S, (2018), The Westphalian Model and Minority-Rights Guarantees in Europe ,University of Bremen.
21.  Kymlicka W, (2010), Minority Rights in Political Philosophy and International Law,  Oxford: Oxford University Press.
22.  Lindergren, Mets. (2011). Scenario design, the link between the future and strategy. Abdul Aziz Tatar. Tehran: Defense Industries Research Institute.(In Persian)
23.  Lisani, Hesamuddin. (2003). "The position of minorities in international human rights”. Quarterly Journal of Legal Thoughts. first year. 3: 153-129.(In Persian)
24.  Macklem P, (2008), Minority Rights in International law, International Journal  of constitutional law, No.3 &4, 6: 531-552.
25.  Milner, Andrew. (2006). An Introduction to Contemporary Cultural Theory. Tehran: Gognous Publishing.(In Persian)
26.  Mohaseeb, Mahin Dokht. (2007). Mass killing. Tehran: Ganj-e-Danesh.(In Persian)
27.  Nepuri Zadeh, Behnam. (2009). Future Research; Concepts, methods; Tehran: Future Center for Defense Science and Technology Research.(In Persian)
28.  Ortakovski V, (2000), Minorities in the Balkan. Netherlands: Brill – Nijhoff.
29.  Panoff, Michelle. Pern, Michelle. (1989). Anthropological culture. Translated by Asghar Asgari. Tehran: Weiss.(In Persian)
30.  Parekh B, (2002), Rethinking Multiculturalism, Cultural Diversity and Political Theory. Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
31.  Pejic J, (1997),Minority Rights in International Law.Human Rights Quarterly,The Johns Hopkins University Press, 19 (3): 666-685.
32.  Petričušić A, (2005), The Rights of Minorities in International Law, Croatian International Relations Review, 38/39: 1-23.
33.  Pew, (2019), Same-Sex Marriage Around the World. Pew Research Center, Available from: https://www.pewforum.org/fact-sheet/gay-marriage-around-the-world/, October 28[accessed 09 January 2019].
34.  Ratner SR, (2002), Accountability for Human Rights Atrocities in InternationalLaw, Oxford: Oxford University.
35.  Rehman J, (2000), The Weaknesses in the International Protection of Minority, Netherlands: Brill - Nijhoff.
36.  Sharifi Tarazkoohi, Hossein. (2010). "Analysis of the rule prohibiting discrimination against minorities in international law." International Law Journal. Year 27. 42: 63-31.(In Persian)
37.  Slaughter R, (2005), Glossary of Futures Term, Foresight International, Knowledge of Future Studies.
38.  Surhone l, (2010), Treaty of Oliva, Hill: betascript publishing.
39.  Sweeney, John, (2016), The Three Tomorrows of Post normal Times, Future, No.75, pp: 1-13
40.  Thornbery P, (1991), International Law and the Rights of Minorities. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
41.  Zargar, Afshin. (2007). "Normative Theory of International Relations in the Contemporary World". Foreign Policy Quarterly. Year 21. 3: 636-599.(In Persian)
42.  Ziller C, Berning C, (2019), Personality traits and public support of minority rights, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Vol. 44.
43.  Zylfiu  I, (2015), The Issue of Minorities in the Balkans. Proceeding of International Conference  on Political  Science. Kosovo, Nov 7, pp: 78-85.
Journal of Iran Futures Studies
Volume 5, Issue 1 - Serial Number 8
September 2020
Pages 139-162

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics